The human ABO blood group is located on chromosome 9 (9q34.1-34.2) ( Amundadottir et al., 2009 Wiggins et al., 2009 Vasan et al., 2016). Genetically encoded blood group antigens might be a predisposing factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several theories have been proposed to elaborate the mechanism of this association. The underlying mechanism is still unknown and needs to be investigated. Rh (D) positive blood group is also associated with increased COVID-19 infection and mortality ( Boudin et al., 2020 Dzik et al., 2020 Fan et al., 2020 Goker et al., 2020 Noor et al., 2020 Zietz et al., 2020 Zhao et al., 2021). Blood group type A has high odds of getting infected, while the rate of infection and severity seems less among the blood group O. Recent studies from China and other parts of the world have reported that there is an association of ABO and Rh blood group with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Previous studies have shown susceptibility of ABO blood groups to viruses such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency virus, norawalk virus, rotavirus, dengue virus, and SARS coronavirus ( Mehta, 2009 Degarege et al., 2012 Chen et al., 2016 Batool et al., 2017 Murugananthan et al., 2018 Wolpin et al., 2010). Previous studies have found an association between rheumatological diseases, cancers, cardiovascular diseases, infectious and non-infectious diseases, and bacterial and viral diseases, and ABO blood group. The antigenic structure present on the surface of erythrocytes determines the ABO blood group and also whether there is antigenic structure present or not, determines the Rh system ( Sayli, 2020). Out of 34 blood group types that the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) recognizes, ABO and Rh blood types are the most investigated, studied, and clinically applied.
The knowledge of blood group types and their association with COVID-19 may help in disease management and treatment. There are many cases where the COVID-19 infection has taken more than 14 days to present any symptoms ( Fan et al., 2020 Huang et al., 2020). COVID-19 has an incubation period of 1–14 days, but typically, it takes 3–7 days to present symptoms. However, a large proportion of infected patients remain asymptomatic ( Lovato et al., 2020 Rodriguez-Morales et al., 2020). It has a wide range of symptoms like fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, muscle pain, fatigue, sore throat, ageusia, and anosmia. COVID-19 affects people in different ways. It causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ( Long et al., 2020 Wang et al., 2021). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged from Wuhan, China in December 2019 has posed a great threat to global public health. No association was found between blood groups and susceptibility to severity of disease and mortality.
Blood group A (odds ratio, 1.53 CI, 1.40–1.66 p < 0.001) and B (odds ratio, 1.15 CI, 1.06–1.24 p < 0.001) is observed to be significantly associated with COVID-19 susceptibility, whereas blood group O (odds ratio, 0.65 CI, 0.59–0.71 p < 0.001) and AB (odds ratio, 0.66 CI, 0.59–0.71 p < 0.001) have low risk of COVID-19 infection.Ĭonclusion: A, B, and Rh+ are found to be more susceptible to COVID-19 infection, whereas blood groups O, AB, and Rh− are at a lower risk of COVID-19 infection. Of the patients, 98.07% were Rh positive. Results: In the 2,586 COVID-19-infected patients, the frequencies of A, B, O, and AB were 29.93%, 41.80%, 21.19%, and 7.98%, respectively. Data was analyzed using chi-square test, odds ratio, and Mann–Whitney test to determine the association of blood groups. Patients were enrolled from Apto October 4, 2020. A total of 2,586 real-time PCR (RT-PCR)-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients were recruited. We investigated the association of ABO and Rh blood groups with susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 infection, severity of disease, recovery period, and mortality of patients. Methods: This is a single-center, retrospective study conducted at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi. Studies have shown association of blood groups A and O with higher and lower odds for coronavirus disease 2019 positivity, respectively.
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